References

CPD

Climate of the Past Discussions

CPD

1814-9359

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/cpd-8-1319-2012

Influence of LGM boundary conditions on the global water isotope distribution in an atmospheric general circulation model

Tharammal

¹ ² Paul

¹ ² ³ Merkel

¹ ³ Noone

⁴

Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

European Graduate College "Proxies in Earth History" (EUROPROX), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA

18 04 2012

8 2 1319 1368

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article is available from http://www.clim-past-discuss.net/8/1319/2012/cpd-8-1319-2012.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.clim-past-discuss.net/8/1319/2012/cpd-8-1319-2012.pdf

A series of experiments was conducted using a water isotope tracers-enabled atmospheric general circulation model (Community Atmosphere Model version 3.0, CAM3.0-Iso), by changing the individual boundary conditions (greenhouse gases, ice sheet albedo and topography, sea-surface temperature) each at a time to Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) values. In addition, a combined simulation with all the boundary conditions being set to LGM values was carried out. A pre-industrial (PI) simulation with boundary conditions taken according to the PMIP2 (Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project) protocol was performed as the control experiment. The experiments were designed in order to analyze the temporal and spatial variations of the oxygen isotopic composition of precipitation (δ18Oprecip) in response to individual climate factors. The change in topography (due to the change in land-ice cover) played a significant role in reducing the surface temperature and δ18Oprecip over North America. Exposed shelf areas and the ice sheet albedo reduced the Northern Hemisphere surface temperature and δ18Oprecip further. A global mean cooling of 4.1 °C was simulated with combined LGM boundary conditions compared to the control simulation, which was in agreement with previous experiments using the fully coupled Community Climate System Model (CCSM3). Large reductions in δ18Oprecip over the LGM ice sheets were highly correlated with the temperature decrease over them. The SST and ice sheet topography changes were found to be responsible for most of the changes in the climate and hence the δ18Oprecip distribution among the simulations.

References 1

Berger,~A.: Long-term variations of daily insolation and Quaternary climatic changes,~J. Atmos. Sci., 35(12), 2362–2367, 1978.

Bonan,~G B., Oleson,~K W., Vertenstein,~M., Levis,~S., Zeng,~X., Dai,~Y., Dickinson,~R E., and Yang, Z.-L.: The land surface climatology of the Community Land Model coupled to the NCAR Community Climate Model,~J. Climate, 15, 3123–3149, 2002.

Bony,~S., Risi,~C., and Vimeux,~F.: Influence of convective processes on the isotopic composition ($\delta \chemO18$ and $\delta \chemD$) of precipitation and water vapor in the tropics: 1. Radiative-convective equilibrium and TOGA-COARE simulations,~J. Geophys. Res., 113, D19305, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009942doi:10.1029/2008JD009942, 2008.

Broccoli,~A J. and Manabe,~S.: The effects of the Laurentide ice sheet on north american climate during the last glacial maximum, Geogr. Phys. Quatern., 41, 291–299, 1987a.

Broccoli,~A J. and Manabe,~S.: The influence of continental ice, atmospheric \chemCO_2, and land albedo on the climate of the last glacial maximum, Clim. Dynam., 1, 87–99, 1987b.

% Braconnot,~P., Otto-Bliesner,~B., Harrison,~S., Joussaume,~S., Peterchmitt,~J.-Y., % Abe-Ouchi,~A., Crucifix,~M., Driesschaert,~E., Fichefet,~T., Hewitt,~C., Kageyama,~M., and % Kitoh,~A.: Results of PMIP2 coupled simulations of the Mid-Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum – % Part 1: experiments and large scale features, Clim. Past, 3, 261–277, 2007. ### SELF-REFERENCE % ### Braconnot, P., Otto-Bliesner, B., Harrison, S., Joussaume, S., Peterchmitt, J.-Y., Abe-Ouchi, A., Crucifix, M., Driesschaert, E., Fichefet, Th., Hewitt, C. D., Kageyama, M., Kitoh, A., La\^iné, A., Loutre, M.-F., Marti, O., Merkel, U., Ramstein, G., Valdes, P., Weber, S. L., Yu, Y., and Zhao, Y.: Results of PMIP2 coupled simulations of the Mid-Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum – Part 1: experiments and large-scale features, Clim. Past, 3, 261–277, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-261-2007doi:10.5194/cp-3-261-2007, 2007.

Charles,~C D., Rind,~D., Jouzel,~J., Koster,~R D., and Fairbanks,~R G.: Glacial-interglacial changes in moisture sources for Greenland: influences on the ice core record of climate, Science, 263, 508–511, 1994.

Clapperton,~C M.: Nature of environmental changes in South America at the Last Glacial Maximum, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 101, 189–208, 1993.

Cole,~J E., Rind,~D., Webb,~R S., Jouzel, J., and Healy,~T.: Climatic controls on interannual variability of precipitation $\delta \chem^18O$: the simulated influence of temperature, precipitation amount, and vapour source region,~J. Geophys. Res., 104, 14223–14235, 1999.

Collins,~W D., Rasch,~P J., Boville,~B A., Hack,~J J., McCaa,~J R., Williamson,~D L., and Briegleb,~B.: The formulation and atmospheric simulation of the Community Atmospheric Model version 3 (CAM3),~J. Climate, 19, 2144–2161, 2006.

Craig,~H. and Gordon,~L I.: Deuterium and oxygen 18 variations in the ocean and marine atmosphere, in: Proc. Stable Isotopes in Oceanographic Studies and Paleotemperatures, Cons. Naz. Ric. Lab. Geol. Nucl., Pisa, 9–130, 1965.

Cuffey,~K M. and Clow,~G D.: Temperature, accumulation, and ice sheet elevation in Central Greenland through the last deglacial transition,~J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26383–26396, 1997.

Dahe,~Q., Petit,~J R., Jouzel,~J., and Stievenard,~M.: Distribution of stable isotopes in surface snow along the route of the 1990 International Trans-Antarctica Expedition, J. Glaciol., 40, 107–118, 1994.

Dahl-Jensen,~D., Mosegaard,~K., Gundestrup,~N., Clow,~G D., Johnsen,~S., Hansen,~A W., and Balling,~N.: Past temperature directly from the Greenland Ice Sheet, Science, 282, 268–271, 1998.

Dansgaard,~W.: Stable isotopes in precipitation, Tellus, 16, 436–68, 1964.

Dansgaard,~W., Johnsen,~S J., Clausen,~H B., and Gundestrup,~N.: Stable isotope glaciology, Medd. Grønland, 197, 1–53, 1973.

Deardoff,~J W.: A~parameterization of moisture content for use in atmospheric prediction model,~J. Appl. Meteorol., 16, 1182–1185, 1977.

Dickinson,~R E., Oleson,~K W., Bonan,~G., Hoffman,~F., Thornton,~P., Vertenstein,~M.,Yang,~Z.-L., and Zeng,~X.: The Community Land Model and its climate statistics as a~component of the Community Climate System Model, J. Climate, 19, 2302–2324, 2006.

Duplessy,~J C., Labeyrie,~L D., and Waelbroeck,~C.: Constraints on the ocean oxygen isotopic enrichment between the last glacial maximum and the Holocene: paleoceanographic implications, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 21(1–3), 315–330, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00107-Xdoi:10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00107-X, 2002.

Fairbanks,~R G.: A~17000-year glacio-eustatic sea level record: influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas event and deep-ocean circulation, Nature, 342, 637–642, 1989.

Feng,~X., Faiia,~A M., and Posmentier,~E S.: Seasonality of isotopes in precipitation: a~global perspective, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D08116, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011279doi:10.1029/2008JD011279, 2009.

Hack,~J J., Caron,~J M., Yeager,~S G., Oleson,~K W., Holland,~M M., Truesdale,~J E., and Rasch,~P J.: Simulation of the global hydrological cycle in the CCSM Community Atmosphere Model Version 3 (CAM3): mean features, J. Climate, 19(11), 2199–2221, 2006.

Hewitt,~C D. and Mitchell,~J F B.: Radiative forcing and response of a~GCM to ice age boundary conditions: cloud feedback and climate sensitivity, Clim. Dynam., 13, 821–834, 1997.

Hoffmann,~G., Werner,~M., and Heimann,~M.: Water isotope module of the ECHAM atmospheric general circulation model: A~study on timescales from days to several years,~J. Geophys. Res., 103(D14), 16871–16896, 1998.

IAEA/WMO.: Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation: The GNIP database, available at:~http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/IHS_resources_gnip.html (last access:~10~January~2012), 2006.

Johnsen,~S J., Dansgaard,~W., and White,~J W C.: The origin of Arctic precipitation under present and glacial conditions, Tellus B, 41, 452–468, 1989.

Johnsen,~S. J., Dahl-Jensen,~D., Gundestrup,~N., Steffensen,~J P., Clausen,~H B., Miller,~H., Masson-Delmotte,~V., Sveinbjörnsdottir,~A E., and White,~J.: Oxygen isotope and palaeotemperature records from six Greenland ice-core stations: Camp Century, Dye-3, GRIP, GISP2, Renland and NorthGRIP, J. Quaternary Sci., 16, 299–308, 2001.

Jouzel,~J., Koster,~R D., Suozzo,~R J., Russel,~G L., White,~J W C., and Broecker,~W S.: Simulations of the HDO and H218O atmospheric cycles using the NASA GISS general circulation model: the seasonal cycle for present-day conditions,~J. Geophys. Res., 92(D12), 14739–14760, 1987.

Jouzel,~J., Koster,~R D., Suozzo,~R J., and Russell,~G L.: Stable water isotope behavior during the last glacial maximum: a~general circulation model analysis,~J. Geophys. Res., 99, 25791–25801, 1994.

Kageyama,~M. and Valdes,~P.: Impact of the North American ice-sheet orography on the Last Glacial Maximum eddies and snowfall, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27(10), 1515–1518, 2000.

Kutzbach,~J E. and Guetter,~P J.: The influence of changing orbital parameters and surface boundary conditions on climate simulations for the past 18 000 years, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1726–1759, 1986.

Lambeck,~K. and Chappell,~J.: Sea level change through the last glacial cycle, Science, 292, 679–686, 2001.

Lautenschlager,~M. and Santer,~B D.: Atmospheric response to a~hypothetical Tibetan Ice Sheet, J. Climate, 4, 386–394, 1991.

Lee,~J E., Fung,~I., DePaolo,~D J., and Henning,~C C.: Analysis of the global distribution of water isotopes using the NCAR atmospheric general circulation model,~J. Geophys. Res., 112, D16306, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007657doi:10.1029/2006JD007657, 2007.

Lee,~J E., Fung,~I., DePaolo,~D J., and Otto-Bliesner,~B L.: Water isotopes during the Last Glacial Maximum: new GCM calculations,~J. Geophys. Res., 113, D19109, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009859doi:10.1029/2008JD009859, 2008.

Lorius,~C., Jouzel,~J., Ritz,~C., Merlivat,~L., Barkov,~N I., Korotkevich,~Y S., and Kotlyakov,~V M.: A~150 000-year climatic record from Antarctic ice, Nature, 316, 591–596, 1985.

Manabe,~S.: Climate and the ocean circulation: 1. The atmospheric circulation and the hydrology of the earth's surface, Mon. Weather Rev., 97, 739–805, 1969.

Manabe,~S. and Broccoli,~A J.: The influence of continental ice sheets on the climate of an ice age,~J. Geophys. Res., 90, 2167–2190, 1985.

Masson-Delmotte,~V., Kageyama,~M., Braconnot,~P., Charbit,~S., Krinner,~G., Ritz,~C., Guilyardi,~E., Jouzel,~J., Abe-Ouchi,~A., Crucifix,~M., Gladstone,~R M., Hewitt,~C D., Kitoh,~A., Legrande,~A., Marti,~O., Merkel,~U., Motoi,~T., Ohgaito,~R., Otto-Bliesner,~B., Peltier,~W R., Ross,~I., Valdes,~P J., Vettoretti,~G., Weber,~S L., and Wolk,~F.: Past and future polar amplification of climate change: climate model intercomparisons and ice-core constraints, Clim. Dynam., 26, 513–529, 2006.

Masson-Delmotte,~V., Hou,~S., Ekaykin,~A., Jouzel,~J., Aristarain,~A., Bernardo,~R T., Bromwhich,~D., Cattani,~O., Delmotte,~M., Falourd,~S., Frezzotti,~M., Gallée,~H., Genoni,~L., Isaksson,~E., Landais,~A., Helsen,~M., Hoffmann,~G., Lopez,~J., Morgan,~V., Motoyama,~H., Noone,~D., Oerter,~H., Petit,~J R., Royer,~A., Uemura,~R., Schmidt,~G A., Schlosser,~E., Simões,~J C., Steig,~E., Stenni,~B., Stievenard,~M., van den Broeke,~M., Van de Wal,~R., Van den Berg,~W.-J., Vimeux,~F., and White,~J W C.: A~review of Antarctic surface snow isotopic composition: observations, atmospheric circulation and isotopic modelling,~J. Climate, 21, 3359–3387, 2008.

Merkel,~U., Prange,~M., and Schulz,~M.: ENSO variability and teleconnections during glacial climate, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 86–100, 2010.

Noone, D.: Water isotopes in CCSM for studying water cycles in the climate system, paper presented at CCSM Sci. Steering Comm., 8th Annual CCSM Workshop, Breckenridge, Colorado, June, 2003.

Noone,~D.: Isotopic composition of water vapor modeled by constraining global climate simulations with reanalyses, in: Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modeling, edited by: Cote,~J., Report No. 35, World Meteorological Organization, 2–37, 2006.

Noone,~D. and Simmonds,~I.: Associations between d18O of water and climate parameters in a~simulation of atmospheric circulation for 1979–95, J. Climate, 15(22), 3150–3169, 2002.

Noone,~D. and Sturm,~C.: Comprehensive dynamical models of global and regional water isotope distributions, in: Isoscapes: Understanding Movement, Pattern, and Process on Earth through Isotope Mapping, Springer Verlag, Dordrecht, 2009.

Otto-Bliesner,~B L., Brady,~E C., Clauzet,~G., Tomas,~R., Levis,~S., and Kothavala,~Z.: Last glacial maximum and Holocene climate in CCSM3, J. Climate, 19, 2526–2544, 2006a.

Otto-Bliesner,~B L., Tomas,~R., Brady,~E C., Ammann,~C., Kothavala,~Z., and Clauzet,~G.: Climate sensitivity of moderate- and low-resolution versions of CCSM3 to pre-industrial forcings,~J. Climate, 19, 2567–2583, 2006b.

Peltier,~W R.: Global glacial isostasy and the surface of the ice-age Earth: the ICE-5G (VM2) model and GRACE, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 32, 111–149, 2004.

Petit,~J R., Jouzel,~J., Raynaud,~D., Barkov,~N I., Barnola,~J.-M., Basile,~I., Bender,~M., Chappellaz,~J., Davis,~M., Delaygue,~G., Delmotte,~M., Kotlyakov,~V M., Legrand,~M., Lipenkov,~V Y., Lorius,~C., Pe'pin,~L., Ritz,~C., Saltzman,~E., and Stievenard.: Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420 000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica, Nature, 399, 429–436, 1999.

Prell,~W L. and Curry,~W B.: Faunal and isotopic indices of monsoonal upwelling: Western Arabian Sea, Oceanol. Acta, 4, 91–98, 1981.

Prell,~W L., Hutson,~W H., Williams,~D F., Be,~A W H., Geitzenauer,~K., and Molfino,~B.: Surface circulation of the Indian Ocean during the Last Glacial Maximum, approximately 18 000 yr BP, Quaternary Res., 14, 309–336, 1980.

Rind,~D.: Components of the ice age circulation,~J. Geophys. Res., 92, 4241–4281, 1987.

Risi,~C., Bony,~S., and Vimeux,~F.: Influence of convective processes on the isotopic composition (d18O and dD) of precipitation and water vapor in the tropics: 2. Physical interpretation of the amount effect,~J. Geophys. Res., 113, D19306, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009943doi:10.1029/2008JD009943, 2008.

Rozanski,~K. and Araguas-Araguas,~L.: Spatial and temporal variability of stable isotope composition of precipitation over the South American Continent, Bull. Inst. Fr. Etudes Andines., 24, 379–390, 1995.

Rozanski,~K., Araguas-Araguas,~L., and Gonfiantini,~R.: Isotopic patterns in modern global precipitation, In: Climate Change in Continental Isotopic Records, 1–36, Geophys. Monograph, 78, 1993.

Schmidt,~G A., LeGrande,~A N., and Hoffmann,~G.: Water isotope expressions of intrinsic and forced variability in a~coupled ocean-atmosphere model,~J. Geophys. Res., 112, D10103, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007781doi:10.1029/2006JD007781, 2007.

Shin,~S I., Liu,~Z., Otto-Bliesner,~B L., Brady,~E C., Kutzbach,~J E., and Harrison,~S P.: A~simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum climate using the NCAR CSM, Clim. Dynam., 20, 127–151, 2003.

Stein,~U. and Alpert,~P.: Factor separation in numerical simulations, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2107–2115, 1993.

Stenni,~B., Masson-Delmotte,~V., Johnsen,~S., Jouzel,~J., Longinelli,~A., Monnin,~E., Rothlisberger,~R., and Selmo,~E.: An oceanic cold reversal during the last deglaciation, Science, 293, 2074–2077, 2001.

% Sturm,~C., Zhang,~Q., and Noone,~D.: An introduction to stable water isotopes in climate models: % benefits of forward proxy modelling for paleoclimatology, Clim. Past, 6, 115–129, 2010. ### % SELF-REFERENCE ### Sturm,~C., Zhang,~Q., and Noone,~D.: An introduction to stable water isotopes in climate models: benefits of forward proxy modelling for paleoclimatology, Clim. Past, 6, 115–129, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-6-115-2010doi:10.5194/cp-6-115-2010, 2010.

Sylvestre,~F.: Moisture pattern during the last Glacial Maximum in South America, in: Past Climate Variability in South America and Surrounding Regions, Springer Netherlands, 2009.

Thompson,~L G., Mosley-Thompson,~E., and Henderson,~K A.: Ice-core palaeoclimate records in tropical South America since the Last Glacial Maximum,~J. Quaternary Sci., 15, 377–394, 2000.

Tindall,~J C., Valdes,~P., and Sime,~L C.: Stable water isotopes in HadCM3: Isotopic signature of El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the tropical amount effect,~J. Geophys. Res., 114, D04111, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010825doi:10.1029/2008JD010825, 2009.

Van Campo,~E.: Monsoon fluctuations in two 20,000-yr~B.P. oxygen-isotope/pollen records off South-west India, Quaternary Res., 26, 376–388, 1986.

Werner,~M., Mikolajewicz,~U., Heimann,~M., and Hoffmann,~G.: Borehole versus isotope temperatures on Greenland: Seasonality does matter, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 723–726, 2000.

Werner,~M., Heimann,~M., and Hoffmann,~G.: Isotopic composition and origin of polar precipitation in present and glacial climate simulations, Tellus B, 53, 53–71, 2001.

Williamson,~D L. and Olson,~J G.: Climate simulations with a~Semi-Lagrangian version of the NCAR community climate model, Mon. Weather Rev., 122, 1594–1610, 1994.

Williamson,~D L. and Rasch,~P J.: Water vapor transport in the NCAR CCM2, Tellus A, 46, 34–51, 1993.