Climate of the Past Discussions www.clim-past-discuss.net 1814-9340 1814-9359 6 2 2010 10.5194/cpd-6-421-2010 http://www.clim-past-discuss.net/6/421/2010/ http://www.clim-past-discuss.net/6/421/2010/cpd-6-421-2010.html http://www.clim-past-discuss.net/6/421/2010/cpd-6-421-2010.pdf 421 460 2010-04-07 Influence of solar variability, CO₂ and orbital forcing during the last millennium in the IPSLCM4 model J. Servonnat jerome.servonnat@lsce.ipsl.fr P. Yiou M. Khodri D. Swingedouw S. Denvil Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), UMR 8212 CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentation et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique, 42 avenue Gaspard Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse, France Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France Studying the climate of the last millennium gives the possibility to deal with a relatively well-documented climate essentially driven by natural forcings. We have performed two simulations with the IPSLCM4 climate model to evaluate the impact of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI), CO₂ and orbital forcing on secular temperature variability during the preindustrial part of the last millennium. The Northern Hemisphere (NH) temperature of the simulation reproduces the amplitude of the NH temperature reconstructions over the last millennium. Using a linear statistical decomposition we evaluated that TSI and CO₂ have similar contributions to secular temperature variability between 1425 and 1850 AD. They generate a temperature minimum comparable to the Little Ice Age shown by the temperature reconstructions. Solar forcing explains ~80% of the NH temperature variability during the first part of the millennium (1000–1425 AD) including the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA). It is responsible for a warm period which occurs two centuries later than in the reconstructions. This mismatch implies that the secular variability during the MCA is not fully explained by the response of the model to the TSI reconstruction. <br><br> With a signal-noise ratio (SNR) estimate we found that the temperature signal of the forced simulation is significantly different from internal variability over area wider than ~5.10⁶ km², i.e. approximately the extent of Europe. Orbital forcing plays a significant role in latitudes higher than 65&deg; N in summer and supports the conclusions of a recent study on an Arctic temperature reconstruction over past two millennia. The forced variability represents at least half of the temperature signal on only ~30% of the surface of the globe. The study of the SNR and local impacts of the forcings suggests that individual temperature reconstructions taken from random location around the Globe are potentially weakly affected by a linear response to external forcings. 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