<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.clim-past-discuss.net/inc/cpd/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Climate of the Past Discussions</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.clim-past-discuss.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1814-9340</issn>
		<eissn>1814-9359</eissn>
		<volume_number>6</volume_number>
		<issue_number>5</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2010</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/cpd-6-1589-2010</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.clim-past-discuss.net/6/1589/2010/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.clim-past-discuss.net/6/1589/2010/cpd-6-1589-2010.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.clim-past-discuss.net/6/1589/2010/cpd-6-1589-2010.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>1589</start_page>
	<end_page>1628</end_page>
	<publication_date>2010-09-01</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Oceanic tracer and proxy time scales revisited</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>C. Siberlin</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1">
			<name>C. Wunsch</name>
			<email>cwunsch@mit.edu</email>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">Quantifying time-responses of the ocean to passive and active
      tracers is critical for the interpretation of paleodata from
      sediment cores because surface-injected tracers do not
      instantaneously spread throughout the ocean.  To obtain
      insights into the time response, a computationally efficient
      state transition matrix method is demonstrated and used to
      compute successive states of passive tracer concentrations in
      the global ocean. Times to equilibrium exceed a thousand years
      for any one region of the global ocean outside of the
      injection and convective regions and concentration gradients
      give time-lags from hundreds to thousands of years between the
      Atlantic and Pacific abyss, depending on the injection region
      and the nature of the boundary conditions
      employed. Equilibrium times can be much longer than
      radiocarbon ages as the latter are strongly biased towards the
      youngest fraction of fluid captured in a sample. Pulse-like
      inputs can produce very different transient approaches to
      equilibrium in different parts of the ocean generating event
      identification problems.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Bard,~E.: Correction of accelerator mass spectrometry \chem^14C ages measured in planktonic foraminifera: paleoceanographic implications, Paleoceanography, 3, 635–645, 1988. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Brogan,~W.: Modern Control Theory. Third Ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1991. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Gebbie,~G. and Huybers,~P.: How is the ocean filled?, Nature, submitted, 2010a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Gebbie,~G. and Huybers,~P.: What is the mean age of the ocean? Accounting for mixing histories in the interpretation of radiocarbon observations, J. Phys. Oc., unpublished ms., 2010b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Gent,~P R. and Mcwilliams,~J C.: Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 150–155, 1990. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Hecht,~M W. and Smith, R D.: Towards a~physical understanding of the North Atlantic: a~review of model studies, in: Ocean Modeling in an Eddying Regime, edited by: Hecht,~M W. and Hasumi, H., AGU Geophysical Monograph, 177, 213–240, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Holzer,~M. and Hall,~T M.: Transit-time and tracer-age distributions in geophysical flows, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 3539–3558, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Khatiwala,~S., Visbeck,~M., and Schlosser,~P.: Age tracers in an ocean GCM, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 48, 1423–1441, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Khatiwala,~S., Visbeck,~M., and Cane,~M A.: Accelerated simulation of passive tracers in ocean circulation models, Ocean Model., 9, 51–69, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2004.04.002, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Khatiwala,~S.: A~computational framework for simulation of biogeochemical tracers in the ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, Gb3001, doi:10.1029/2007gb002923, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Large,~W G., Mcwilliams,~J C., and Doney,~S C.: Oceanic vertical Mixing – a~review and a~model with a~nonlocal boundary-layer parameterization, Rev. Geophys., 32, 363–403, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Lea,~D W., Pak,~D K., and Spero,~H J.: Climate impact of late Quaternary Equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature variations, Science, 289, 1719–1724, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Ledwell,~J R., Watson,~A J., and Law,~C S.: Evidence for slow mixing across the pycnocline from an open-ocean tracer-release experiment, Nature, 364, 701–703, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Levitus,~S., Boyer, T. P., Conkright, M. E., et al.: World Ocean Database 1998. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 18, NOAA, Silver Spring MD, 346 pp., 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Lévy,~M., Klein,~P., Treguier,~A M., Iovino,~D., Madec,~G., Masson,~S., and Takahashi,~K.: Modifications of gyre circulation by sub-mesoscale physics, Ocean Model., 34, 1–15, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.04.001, 2010. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Marshall,~J., Adcroft,~A., Hill,~C., Perelman,~L., and Heisey,~C.: A~finite-volume, incompressible Navier Stokes model for studies of the ocean on parallel computers, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 102, 5753–5766, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Matsumoto,~K.: Radiocarbon-based circulation age of the world oceans, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 112, C09004, doi:10.1029/2007jc004095, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Petit,~J R., Jouzel,~J., Raynaud,~D., Barkov,~N I., Barnola,~J M., Basile,~I., Bender,~M., Chappellaz,~J., Davis,~M., Delaygue,~G., Delmotte,~M., Kotlyakov,~V M., Legrand,~M., Lipenkov,~V Y., Lorius,~C., Pepin,~L., Ritz,~C., Saltzman,~E., and Stievenard,~M.: Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420 000 yr from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica, Nature, 399, 429–436, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Primeau, F. and Deleersnijder, E.: On the time to tracer equilibrium in the global ocean, Ocean Sci., 5, 13–28, doi:10.5194/os-5-13-2009, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Siberlin,~C. and Wunsch,~C.: Time-Scales of Passive Tracers in the Ocean with Paleoapplications, Master&apos;s thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 134 pp., 2010. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Skinner,~L C. and Shackleton,~N J.: An Atlantic lead over Pacific deep-water change across Termination~I: implications for the application of the marine isotope stage stratigraphy, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 24, 571–580, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.11.008, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Waugh,~D W., Vollmer,~M K., Weiss,~R F., Haine,~T W N., and Hall,~T M.: Transit time distributions in Lake Issyk-Kul, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 2231, doi:10.1029/2002gl016201, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Waugh,~D W., Hall,~T M., and Haine,~T W N.: Relationships among tracer ages, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 108, 3138, doi:10.1029/2002jc001325, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Wunsch,~C.: Oceanic age and transient tracers: analytical and numerical solutions, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 107, 3048, doi:10.1029/2001jc000797, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Wunsch,~C.: Discrete Inverse and State Estimation Problems: With Geophysical Fluid Applications, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge New York, xi, 371 pp., 312 pp. of plates, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Wunsch,~C. and Heimbach,~P.: How long to oceanic tracer and proxy equilibrium?, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 27, 637–651, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.01.006, 2008. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

