<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.clim-past-discuss.net/inc/cpd/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Climate of the Past Discussions</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.clim-past-discuss.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1814-9340</issn>
		<eissn>1814-9359</eissn>
		<volume_number>6</volume_number>
		<issue_number>4</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2010</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/cpd-6-1337-2010</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.clim-past-discuss.net/6/1337/2010/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.clim-past-discuss.net/6/1337/2010/cpd-6-1337-2010.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.clim-past-discuss.net/6/1337/2010/cpd-6-1337-2010.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>1337</start_page>
	<end_page>1350</end_page>
	<publication_date>2010-07-12</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Uncertainty of the CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; threshold for melting a hard Snowball Earth</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>Y. Hu</name>
			<email>yyhu@pku.edu.cn</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1">
			<name>J. Yang</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Dept. of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">One of the critical issues of the Snowball Earth hypothesis is how high
level of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; is required for triggering the deglaciation. Using
Community Atmospheric Model version 3 (CAM3), we study the problem for the
CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; threshold. Our simulations show large differences from previous
results (Pierrehumbert, 2004, 2005). At 0.2 bars of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, the January
maximum near-surface temperature is about 268 K, about 13 K higher than that
in Pierrehumbert (2004, 2005), but lower than the value of 270 K for 0.1 bar
of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in Le Hir et al. (2007). It is found that the diversity of
simulation results is mainly due to model sensitivity of greenhouse effect
and longwave cloud forcing to increasing CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. At 0.2 bar of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,
CAM3 yields 117 Wm &lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; of clear-sky greenhouse effect and 32 Wm&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; of
longwave cloud forcing, versus only about 77 Wm&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; and 10.5 Wm&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; in
Pierrehumbert (2004, 2005), respectively. CAM3 has comparable clear-sky
greenhouse effect to that in Le Hir et al. (2007), but lower longwave cloud
forcing. CAM3 also produces much stronger Hadley cells than in Pierrehumbert (2005).</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Abbot, D. S. and Pierrehumbert, R. T.: Mudball: Surface dust and snowball Earth deglaciation, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D03104, doi:10.1029/2009JD012007, 2010. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Boville, B. A., Rasch P. J., Hack J. J., and McCaa, J. R.: Representation of clouds and precipitation processes in the Community Atmosphere Model version 3 (CAM3), J. Climate, 19, 2162–2183, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Briegleb, B. P., Bitz, C. M., Hunke, E. C., Lipscomb, W. H., Holland, M. M., Schram, J. L., and Moritz, R. E.: Scientific description of the sea ice component in the Community Climate System Model, Version Three, Technical Note, NCAR/TN-463_STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, 78~pp., 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Caldeira, K. and Kasting, J. F.: Susceptibility of the early Earth to irreversible glaciation caused by carbon dioxide clouds, Nature, 359, 226–228, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Collins, W. D., Hackney, J. K., and Edwards, D. P.: An updated parameterization for infrared emission and absorption by water vapor in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D22), 4664, doi:10.1029/2001JD001365, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Collins, W. D., Lee-Taylor, J. M., Edwards, D. P., and Francis, G. L.: Effects of increased near-infrared absorption by water vapor on the climate system, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D18109, doi:10.1029/2005JD006796, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Hack, J. J., Caron, J. M., Yeager, S. G., Oleson, K. W., Holland, M. M., Truesdale, J. E., and Rasch, P. J.: Simulation of the global hydrological cycle in the CCSM Community Atmosphere Model version 3 (CAM3): Mean features, J. Climate, 19, 2199–2221, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Held, I. M. and Hou, A. Y.: Nonlinear axially symmetric circulations in a nearly inviscid atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 515–533, 1980. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Hoffman, P. F., Kaufman, A. J., Halverson, G. P., and Schrag, D. P.: A Neoproterozoic snowball Earth, Science, 281, 1342–1346, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Hoffman, P. F. and Schrag, D. P.: The snowball Earth hypothesis: Testing the limits of global change, Terra Nova, 14, 129–155, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Hyde, W. T., Crowley, T. J., Baum, S. K., and Peltier, W. R.: Neoproterozoic &quot;snowball Earth&quot; simulations with a coupled climate/ice-sheet model, Nature, 405, 425–429, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Jenkins, G. and Smith, S.: GCM simulations of snowball Earth conditions during the late Proterozoic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2263–2266, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Kirschvink, J. L.: Late Proterozoic low-latitude global glaciation: The snowball Earth, in: The Proterozoic Biosphere, edited by: Schopf, J. W. and Klein, C., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 51–52, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Le Hir, G., Ramstein, G., Donnadieu, Y., and Pierrehumbert, R. T.: Investigating plausible mechanisms to trigger a deglaciation from a hard snowball Earth, C. Geoscience, 339(3–4), 274–287, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Pierrehumbert, R. T.: High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation, Nature, 429, 646–649, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Pierrehumbert, R. T.: Climate dynamics of a hard snowball Earth, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D01111, doi:10.1029/2004JD005162, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Poulsen, C., Pierrehumbert, R. T., and Jacob, R.: Impact of ocean dynamics on the simulation of the Neoproterozoic &quot;snowball Earth&quot;, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1575–1578, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Rasch, P. J., Boville, B. A., Hack, J. J., Mccaa, J. R. , Williamson, D. L., Kiehl, J. T., and Briegleb, B. P.: Description of the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model: CAM3.0, Technical Note, NCAR/TN-464_STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, 226~pp., available online: http://www.ccsm.ucar.edu/models/atm-cam, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Tajika, E.: Faint young Sun and the carbon cycle: Implication for the Proterozoic global glaciations, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 214, 443–453, 2003. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

