<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.clim-past-discuss.net/inc/cpd/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Climate of the Past Discussions</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.clim-past-discuss.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1814-9340</issn>
		<eissn>1814-9359</eissn>
		<volume_number>5</volume_number>
		<issue_number>2</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2009</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/cpd-5-879-2009</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.clim-past-discuss.net/5/879/2009/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.clim-past-discuss.net/5/879/2009/cpd-5-879-2009.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.clim-past-discuss.net/5/879/2009/cpd-5-879-2009.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>879</start_page>
	<end_page>910</end_page>
	<publication_date>2009-03-10</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Relationship between Holocene climate variations over southern Greenland and eastern Baffin Island and synoptic circulation pattern</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>B. Fréchette</name>
			<email>bianca.frechette@internet.uqam.ca</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1">
			<name>A. de Vernal</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">GEOTOP, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">Lake pollen records from southwest Greenland and eastern Baffin Island show
strong regionalism in climate trends of the last 7000 years. Air temperature
reconstructions from pollen indicate larger amplitude cooling in southwest
Greenland (&amp;gt;3.0&amp;deg;C) than in eastern Baffin Island (&amp;lt;1.0&amp;deg;C). Such
west-east gradient in climate change is consistent with paleoceanographical
data that indicate decreasing temperature and/or strength of the North
Atlantic Current to the east during the Holocene while the eastern Canadian
margins under the Labrador Current influence display slight warming.
Complementary to air and sea temperature records, the lake pollen data led
to reconstruct increased cloudiness in southern Greenland, which points to
increasing cyclonic activity since 7000 years west of Greenland. Together,
the terrestrial and marine records of the northwest North Atlantic therefore
suggest a shift from a dominant NAO+ during the early-mid Holocene to
dominant NAO- in the late Holocene.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Andersen, C., Koç, N., Jennings, A., and Andrews, J. T.: Non uniform response of the major surface currents in the Nordic Seas to insolation forcing: implications for the Holocene climate variability, Paleoceanography, 19, PA2003, doi:10.1029/2002PA000873, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Anderson, P. M., Bartlein, P. J., Brubaker, L. B., Gajewski, K., and Ritchie, J. C.: Modern analogues of late-Quaternary pollen spectra from the western interior of North America, J. Biogeogr., 16, 573–596, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Berger, A. and Loutre, M. F.: Insolation values for the climate of the last 10 million years, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 10, 297–318, 1991. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Birks, C. J. A. and Koç, N.: A high-resolution diatom record of late-Quaternary sea-surface temperatures and oceanographic conditions from the eastern Norwegian Sea, Boreas, 31, 323–344, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Birks, H. J. B.: Modern pollen rain and vegetation of the St. Elias Mountains, Yukon Territory, Can. J. Bot., 55, 2367–2382, 1977. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Birks, H. J. B.: Quantitative palaeoenvironmental reconstructions, in: Statistical Modelling of Quaternary Science Data, Technical guide 5, Quaternary Research Association, edited by: Maddy, D. and Brew, J. S., Cambridge, 161–254, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Cappelen, J., Jørgensen, B., Laursen, E., Stanius, L., and Thomsen, R.: The observed climate of Greenland 1958–99 – with climatological normals, 1961–90, Danish Meteorological Institute, Technical Report No. 00-18, Copenhagen, 149 pp., 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Chen, Q.-S., Bromwich, D. H., and Bai, L.: Precipitation over Greenland retrieved by a dynamic method and its relation to cyclonic activity, J. Climate, 10, 839–870, 1997 </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Davis, B. S. A. and Stevenson, A. C.: The 8.2 ka event and Early-Mid Holocene forests, fires and floodings in the Central Ebro Desert, NE Spain, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 26, 1695–1712, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> de Vernal, A., Henry, M., Matthiessen, J., Mudie, P. J., Rochon, A., Boessenkool, K.P., Eynard, F., Grøsfjeld, K., Guiot, J., Hamel, D., Harland, R., Head, M.J., Kunz-Pirrung, M., Levac, E., Loucheur, V., Peyron, O., Pospelova, V., Radi, T., Turon, J.-L., and Voronina, E.: Dinoflagellate cyst assemblages as tracers of sea-surface conditions in the northern North Atlantic, Arctic and sub-Arctic seas: the new `n = 677&apos; data base and its application for quantitative palaeoceanographic reconstruction, J. Quaternary Sci., 16, 681–698, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> de Vernal, A., Eynaud, F., Henry, M., Hillaire-Marcel, C., Londeix, L., Mangin, S., Matthiessen, J., Marret, F., Radi, T., Rochon, A., Solignac, S., and Turon, J.-L.: Reconstruction of sea-surface conditions at middle to high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) based on dinoflagellates cyst assemblages, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 24, 897–924, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> de Vernal, A. and Hillaire-Marcel, C.: Provincialism in trends and high frequency changes in the northwestern North Atlantic during the Holocene, Global Planet Change, 54, 263–290, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Duplessy, J.-C., Ivanova, E., Murdmaa, I., Paterne, M., and Labeyrie, L.: Holocene paleoceanography of the northern Barents Sea and variations of the northward heat transport by the Atlantic Ocean, Boreas, 30, 2–16, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Environment Canada: Canadian Climate Normals, http://climate.weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca/climate_normals/index_e.html, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Faegri, K. and Iversen, J.: Textbook of Pollen Analysis, 3rd Edition, Hafner Press, New York, 295 pp., 1975. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Fréchette, B., de Vernal, A., Guiot, J., Wolfe, A. P., Miller, G. H., Fredskild, B., Kerwin, M. K., and Richard, P. J. H.: Methodological basis for quantitative reconstruction of air temperrature and sunshine from pollen assemblages in Arctic Canada and Greenland, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 27, 1197–1216, 2008a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Fréchette, B., de Vernal, A., and Richard, P. J. H.: Holocene and Last Interglacial cloudiness in eastern Baffin Island, Arctic Canada, Can. J. Earth Sci., 45, 1221–1234, 2008b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Fredskild, B.: Studies in the vegetational history of Greenland. Palaeobotanical investigations of some Holocene lake and bog deposits, Meddr Grønland, 198, 245 pp., 1973. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Fredskild, B.: The Holocene vegetational development of the Godh&amp;aring;bsfjord area, west Greenland, Meddr Grønland, Geosci., 10, 28 pp., 1983. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Fredskild, B.: Holocene pollen records from west Greenland, in: Quaternary environments: Eastern Canadian Arctic, Baffin Bay and Western Greenland, edited by: Andrews, J. T., Allen and Unwin, Boston, 643–681, 1985. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Fredskild, B.: The genus \textitBetula in Greenland – Holocene history, present distribution and synecology, Nordic J. Bot., 11, 393–412, 1991. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Fredskild, B.: A phytogeographical study of the vascular plants of west Greenland (62&amp;deg;20´–74&amp;deg;00´), Meddr Grønland, Bioscience, 45, 157 pp., 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Gauch, Jr., H. G.: Multivariate analysis in community ecology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 298 pp., 1982. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Gavin, D. G., Oswald, W. W., Wahl, E. R., and Williams, J. W.: A statistical approach to evaluating distance metrics and analog assignments for pollen records, Quaternary Res., 60, 356–367, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Giraudeau, J., Cremer, M., Manthé, S., Labeyrie, L., and Bond, G.: Coccolith evidence for instabilities in surface circulation south of Iceland during Holocene times, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 179, 257–268, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Gladstone, R. M., Ross, I., Valdes, P. J., Abe-Ouchi, A., Braconnot, P., Brewer, S., Kageyama, M., Kitoh, A., Legrande, A., Marti, O., Ohgaito, R., Otto-Bliesner, B., Peltier, W. R., and Vettoretti, G.: Mid-Holocene NAO: A PMIP2 model intercomparison, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L16707, doi:10.1029/2005GL023596, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Guiot, J. and Goeury, G.: 3Pbase – a software for statistical analysis of paleoecological and paleoclimatological data, Dendrochronologia, 14, 123–135, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Hammarlund, D., Barnekow, L., Birks, H. J. B., Buchardt, B., and Edwards, T. W. D.: Holocene changes in atmospheric circulation recorded in the oxygen-isotope stratigraphy of lacustrine carbonates from northen Sweden, Holocene, 12, 339–351, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Hughen, K. A., Baillie, M. G. L., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J. W., Bertrand, C., Blackwell, P. G., Buck, C. E., Burr, G., Cutler, K. B., Damon, P. E., Edwards, R. L., Fairbanks R. G., Friedrich, M., Guilderson, T. P., Kromer, B., McCormac, F. G., Manning, S., Bronk Ramsey, C., Reimer, P. J., Reimer, R. W., Remmele, S., Southon, J. R., Stuiver, M., Talamo, S., Taylor, F. M., van der Plicht, J., and Weyhenmeyer, C. E.: Marine04 Marine Radiocarbon Age Calibration, 0–26 cal. kyr BP, Radiocarbon, 46, 1059–1086, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> Hurrell, J. W.: Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: Regional temperatures and precipitation, Science, 269, 676–679, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Hurrell, J. W. and Dickson, R. R.: Climate variability over the North Atlantic, in: Marine Ecosystems and Climate Variation – the North Atlantic, edited by: Stenseth, N. C., Ottersen, G., Hurrell, J. W., and Belgrano, X., Oxford University Press, New York, 15–31, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> Kaplan, M. R., Wolfe, A. P., and Miller, G. H.: Holocene environmental variability in southwestern Greenland inferred from lake sediments, Quaternary Res., 58, 149–159, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> Kaufman, D. K., Ager, T. A., Anderson, N. J., Anderson, P. M., Andrews, J. T., Bartlein, P. J., Brubaker, L. B., Coats, L. L., Cwynar, L. C., Duvall, M. L., Dyke, A. S., Edwards, M. R., Eisner, W. R., Gajewski, K., Geirsdottir, A., Hu, F. S., Jennings, A. E., Kaplan, M. R., Kerwin, M. W., Lozhkin, A. V., MacDonald, G. M., Miller, G. H., Mock, C. J., Oswald, W. W., Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Porinchu, D. F., Ruhland, K., Smol, J. P., Steig, E. J., and Wolfe, B. B.: Holocene thermal maximum in the western Arctic (0–180&amp;deg; W), Quaternary Sci. Rev., 23, 529–560, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> Kelly, M. and Funder, S.: The pollen stratigraphy of late Quaternary lake sediments of south-west Greenland, Rapp. Grønlands Geol. Unders., 64, 1–26, 1974. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> Legendre, P. and Legendre, L.: Numerical ecology, 2nd English edition, Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam, 853 pp., 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> Marchal, O., Cacho, I., Stocker, T. F., Grimalt, J. O., Calvo, E., Martrat, B., Shackelton, N., Vautravers, M., Cortijo, E., Van Kreveld, S., Andersson, C., Koç, N., Chapman, M., Sbaffi, L., Duplessy, J.-C., Sarnthein, M., Turon, J.-L., Duprat, J., and Jansen, E.: Apparent cooling of the sea surface in the northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean during the Holocene, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 21, 455–483, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> McAndrews, J. H., Berti, A. A., and Norris, G.: Key to the Quaternary pollen and spores of the great Lakes region, Life Science Miscellaneous Publications, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada, 64 pp., 1973. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text"> Moore, P. D., Webb, J. A., and Collinson, M. E.: Pollen analysis, 2nd edition, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 216 pp., 1991. </reference>
		<reference numeration="39" content_type="text"> Moros, M., Emeis, K., Risebrobakken, B., Snowball, I., Kuijpers, A., McManus, J., and Jansen, E.: Sea surface temperatures and ice rafting in the Holocene North Atlantic: climate infuences on northern Europe and Greenland, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 23, 2113–2126, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="40" content_type="text"> Mysterud, A., Stenseth, N. C., Yoccoz, N. G., Ottersen, G. O., and Langvatn, R.: The response of terrestrial ecosystems to climate variability associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation, in: The North Atlantic Oscillation, Climatic Significance and Environmental Impact, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 134, edited by: Hurrell, J. W., Kushnir, Y., Ottersen, G., and Visbeck, M., AGU, Washington, D.C., 235–262, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="41" content_type="text"> New, M., Hulme, M., and Jones, P.: Representing twentieth-century space-time climate variability. Part I: Development of a 1961–90 mean monthly terrestrial climatology, J. Climate, 12, 829–856, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="42" content_type="text"> New, M., Lister, D., Hulme, M., and Makin, I.: A high-resolution data set of surface climate over global land areas, Climate Res., 21, 1–25, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="43" content_type="text"> NODC: World Ocean Database 2001, Scientific Data Sets, Observed and Standard Level Oceanographic Data [CD-Rom], Natl. Oceanogr. Data Cent., Silver Spring, Md, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="44" content_type="text"> Overpeck, J. T., Webb III, T., and Prentice, I. C.: Quatitative interpretation of fossil pollen spectra: dissimilarity coefficients and the method of modern analogs, Quaternary Res., 23, 87–108, 1985. </reference>
		<reference numeration="45" content_type="text"> Prentice, I. C.: Multidimensional scaling as a research tool in Quaternary palynology: a review of theory and methods, Rev. Palaeobot. Palyno., 31, 71–104, 1980. </reference>
		<reference numeration="46" content_type="text"> Previdi, M. and Veron, D. E.: North Atlantic cloud cover response to the North Atlantic oscillation and relationship to surface temperature changes, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D07104, doi:10.1029/2006JD007516, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="47" content_type="text"> Reimer, P. J., Baillie, M. G. L., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J. W., Bertrand, C. J. H., Blackwell, P. G., Buck, C. E., Burr, G. S., Cutler, K. B., Damon, P. E., Edwards, R. L., Fairbanks, R. G., Friedrich, M., Guilderson, T. P., Hogg, A. G., Hughen, K. A., Kromer, B., McCormac, F. G., Manning, S. W., Ramsey, C. B., Reimer, R. W., Remmele, S., Southon, J. R., Stuiver, M., Talamo, S., Taylor, F. W., van der Plicht, J., and Weyhenmeyer, C. E.: IntCal04 Terrestrial radiocarbon age calibration, 26–0 ka BP, Radiocarbon, 46, 1029–1058, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="48" content_type="text"> Renssen, H., Goose, H., Fichefet, T., Brovkin, V., Driesschaert, E., and Wolk, F.: Simulating the Holocene climate evolution at northern high latitudes using a coupled atmospheric-sea ice-ocean-vegetation model, Clim. Dynam., 24, 23-43, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="49" content_type="text"> Richard, P. J. H.: Atlas pollinique des arbres et de quelques arbustes indigènes du Québec, Nat. Can., 97, 1–34, 97–161, 241–306, 1970. </reference>
		<reference numeration="50" content_type="text"> Rodríguez-Rajo, F. J., Méndez, J., and Jato, V.: Factors affecting pollination ecology of \textitQuercus anemophilous species in north-west Spain, Bot. J. Linn. Soc., 149, 283–297, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="51" content_type="text"> Rousseau, D.-D., Schevin, P., Ferrier, J., Jolly, D., Andreasen, T., Ascanius, S. E., Hendriksen, S.-E., and Poulsen, U.: Long-distance pollen transport from North America to Greenland in spring, J. Geophys. Res., 113, G02013, doi:10.1029/2007JG000456, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="52" content_type="text"> Serreze, M. C., Carse, F., Barry, R. G., and Rogers, J. C.: Icelandic Low cyclone activity: Climatological features, linkages with the NAO, and relationship with recent changes in the Northern Hemisphere circulation, J. Climate, 10, 453–464, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="53" content_type="text"> Solignac, S., Giraudeau, J., and de Vernal, A.: Holocene sea surface conditions in the western North Atlantic: Spatial and temporal heterogeneities, Paleoceanography, 21, PA2004, doi:10.1029/2005PA001175, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="54" content_type="text"> Steig, E. J.: Mid-Holocene climate change, Science, 286, 1485–1487, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="55" content_type="text"> Stuiver, M. and Reimer, P. J.: Extended 14C database and revised CALIB radiocarbon calibration program, Radiocarbon, 35, 215–230, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="56" content_type="text"> ter Braak, C. J. F and Prentice, I. C.: A theory of gradient analysis, Adv. Ecol. Res., 18, 271–317, 1988. </reference>
		<reference numeration="57" content_type="text"> ter Braak, C. J. F. and Šmilauer, P.: CANOCO for windows: software for Canonical Community Ordination (version 4), Microcomputer Power, Ithaca, NY, USA, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="58" content_type="text"> Tsukernik, M., Kindig, D. N., and Serreze, M. C.: Characteristics of winter cyclone activity in the northern North Atlantic: Insights from observations and regional modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D03101, doi:10.1029/2006JD007184, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="59" content_type="text"> Whitmore, J., Gajewski, K., Sawada, M., Williams, J. W., Shuman, B., Bartlein, P. J., Minckley, T., Viau, A. E., Webb III, T., Shafer, S., Anderson, P., and Brubaker, L.: Modern pollen data from North America and Greenland for multi-scale paleoenvironmental applications, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 24, 1828–1848, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="60" content_type="text"> Wohlfahrt, J., Harrison, S. P., and Braconnot, P.: Synergistic feedbacks between ocean and vegetation on mid- and high-latitude climates during the mid-Holocene, Clim. Dynam., 22, 223–238, 2004. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

