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<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Climate of the Past Discussions</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.clim-past-discuss.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1814-9340</issn>
		<eissn>1814-9359</eissn>
		<volume_number>5</volume_number>
		<issue_number>4</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2009</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/cpd-5-1901-2009</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.clim-past-discuss.net/5/1901/2009/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.clim-past-discuss.net/5/1901/2009/cpd-5-1901-2009.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.clim-past-discuss.net/5/1901/2009/cpd-5-1901-2009.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>1901</start_page>
	<end_page>1928</end_page>
	<publication_date>2009-07-15</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Pliocene three-dimensional global ocean temperature reconstruction</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>H. J. Dowsett</name>
			<email>hdowsett@usgs.gov</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1">
			<name>M. M. Robinson</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="1">
			<name>K. M. Foley</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">United States Geological Survey, MS 926A, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, VA 20192, USA</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">A snapshot of the thermal structure of the mid-Piacenzian
      ocean is obtained by combining the Pliocene Research,
      Interpretation and Synoptic Mapping Project (PRISM3)
      multiproxy sea-surface temperature (SST) reconstruction with
      bottom water temperature estimates produced using Mg/Ca
      paleothermometry. This reconstruction assumes a Pliocene water
      mass framework similar to that which exists today, with
      several important modifications. The area of formation of
      present day North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) was expanded and
      extended further north toward the Arctic Ocean during the
      mid-Piacenzian relative to today. This, combined with a deeper
      Greenland-Scotland Ridge, allowed a greater volume of warmer
      NADW to enter the Atlantic Ocean. In the Southern Ocean, the
      Polar Front Zone was expanded relative to present day, but
      shifted closer to the Antarctic continent. This, combined with
      at least seasonal reduction in sea ice extent, resulted in
      decreased Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) production (relative
      to present day) as well as possible changes in the depth of
      intermediate waters. The reconstructed mid-Piacenzian
      three-dimensional ocean was warmer overall than today, and the
      hypothesized aerial extent of water masses appears to fit the
      limited stable isotopic data available for this time period.</abstract>
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