<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.clim-past-discuss.net/inc/cpd/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Climate of the Past Discussions</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.clim-past-discuss.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1814-9340</issn>
		<eissn>1814-9359</eissn>
		<volume_number>5</volume_number>
		<issue_number>2</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2009</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/cpd-5-1013-2009</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.clim-past-discuss.net/5/1013/2009/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.clim-past-discuss.net/5/1013/2009/cpd-5-1013-2009.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.clim-past-discuss.net/5/1013/2009/cpd-5-1013-2009.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>1013</start_page>
	<end_page>1053</end_page>
	<publication_date>2009-03-17</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Investigating the evolution of major Northern Hemisphere ice sheets during the  last glacial-interglacial cycle</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>S. Bonelli</name>
			<email>stefano.bonelli@lsce.ipsl.fr</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1">
			<name>S. Charbit</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="1">
			<name>M. Kageyama</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="4" affiliations="1">
			<name>M.-N. Woillez</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="5" affiliations="1">
			<name>G. Ramstein</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="6" affiliations="1">
			<name>C. Dumas</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="7" affiliations="2">
			<name>A. Quiquet</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Laboratoire des sciences du climat et de l&apos;environnement IPSL/UMR CEA-CNRS  1572/UVSQ, CE Saclay, Orme de merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="2" content_type="html">Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l&apos;Environnement (UMR 5183),  54 rue Molière, 38402 Saint Martin d&apos;Hères cedex, France</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">A 2.5-dimensional climate model of intermediate complexity fully
      coupled with a 3-dimensional thermo-mechanical ice sheet model is used
      to simulate the evolution of major Northern Hemisphere ice sheets
      during the last glacial-interglacial cycle and to investigate the ice
      sheets responses to both insolation and atmospheric CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
      concentration. This model reproduces the main phases of advance and
      retreat of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets during the last glacial
      cycle, although the amplitude of these variations is less pronounced
      than those based on sea level reconstructions. At the last glacial
      maximum, the simulated ice volume is 52.5&amp;times;10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
      and the spatial distribution of both the American and Eurasian ice
      complexes is in reasonable agreement with observations, with the
      exception of the marine parts of these former ice sheets.
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
      A set of sensitivity studies has also been performed to assess the
      sensitivity of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets to both insolation
      and atmospheric CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. Our results suggest that the decrease
      of summer insolation is the main factor responsible for the early
      build up of the North American ice sheet around 120 kyr BP, in
      agreement with benthic foraminifera &amp;delta;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O signals. In
      contrast, low insolation and low atmospheric CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
      concentration are both necessary to trigger a long-lasting glaciation
      over Eurasia.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Abe-Ouchi,~A., Segawa,~T., and Saito,~F.: Climatic Conditions for modelling the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets throughout the ice age cycle, Clim. Past, 3, 423–438, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Adkins,~J F B., Boyle,~E A., Keigwin,~L., and Cortijo,~E.: Variability of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation during the last interglacial period, Nature, 390(6656), 154–156, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Andrews,~J T. and Barry,~R G.: Glacial inception and disintegration during last glaciation, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 6, 205–228, 1978. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Andrews, J. T., Shilts, W. W., and Miller, G. H.: Multiple deglaciations of the Hudson-Bay lowlands, Canada, since deposition of the Missinaibi (Last-Interglacial Questionable Formation), Quaternary Res., 19(1), 18–37, 1983. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Berger,~A L.: Long-term variations of daily insolation and quaternary climatic changes, J. Atmos. Sci., 35(12), 2362–2367, 1978. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Berger, A., Loutre, M. F., and Gallee, H.: Sensitivity of the LLN climate model to the astronomical and \chemCO_2 forcings over the last 200 \unitky. Clim. Dynam., 14(9), 615–629, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Berger, A., Li, X. S., and Loutre, M. F.: Modelling Northern Hemisphere ice volume over the last 3 Ma, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 18(1), 1–11, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Bintanja, R., van de Wal, R. S. W., and Oerlemans, J.: Modelled atmospheric temperatures and global sea levels over the past million years, Nature, 437(7055), 125–128, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Boulton,~G S. and Clark,~C D.: The Laurentide ice-sheet through the last glacial cycle – The topology of drift lineations as a~key to the dynamic behavior of former ice sheets, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh – Earth Sci., 81, 327–347, 1990. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Braithwaite,~R J.: Positive degree-day factors for ablation on the Greenland ice-sheet studied by energy-balance modeling, J. Glaciol., 41(137), 153–160, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Brovkin, V., Ganopolski, A., and Svirezhev, Y.: A~continuous climate-vegetation classification for use in climate-biosphere studies, Ecol. Model., 101(2–3), 251–261, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Brovkin, V., Bendtsen, J., Claussen, M., et al.: Carbon cycle, vegetation, and climate dynamics in the Holocene: Experiments with the CLIMBER-2 model, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16(4), 1139, doi:10.1029/2001GB001662, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Calov, R., Ganopolski, A., Clausse, M., et al.: Transient simulation of the last glacial inception. Part I: glacial inception as a~bifurcation in the climate system, Clim. Dynam., 24(6), 545–561, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Calov, R., Ganopolski, A., Clausse, M., et al.: Transient simulation of the last glacial inception. Part II: sensitivity and feedback analysis, Clim. Dynam., 24(6), 563–576, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Camoin, G. F., Ebren, P., Eisenhauer, A., et al.: A~300 000-yr coral reef record of sea level changes, Mururoa atoll (Tuamotu archipelago, French Polynesia), Palaeogeo. Palaeoclimatol, Palaeoecol., 175(1–4), 325–341, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Chapman, M. R., Shackleton, N. J., and Duplessy, J. C.: Sea surface temperature variability during the last glacial-interglacial cycle: assessing the magnitude and pattern of climate change in the North Atlantic, Palaeogeo. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 157(1–2), 1–25, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Charbit, S., Kageyama, M., Roche, D., et al.: Investigating the mechanisms leading to the deglaciation of past continental Northern Hemisphere ice sheets with the CLIMBER-GREMLINS coupled model, Global Planet. Change, 48(4), 253–273, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Charbit,~S., Ritz,~C., Philippon,~G., Peyaud,~V., and Kageyama,~M.: Numerical reconstructions of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets through the last glacial-interglacial cycle, Clim. Past, 3, 15–37, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Clark, P. U., Clague, J. J., Curry, B. B., et al.: Initiation and development of the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets following the last interglaciation, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 12(2), 79–114, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Clark,~P. and Pollard,~D.: Northern Hemisphere ice-sheet influences on global climate change, Science, 286(5442), 1104–1111, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Claussen, M., Fohlmeister, J., Ganopolski, A., et al.: Vegetation dynamics amplifies precessional forcing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33(9), L09709, doi:10.1029/2006GL026111, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Crucifix, M., Loutre, M. F., Lambeck, K., et al.: Effect of isostatic rebound on modelled ice volume variations during the last 200 \unitkyr, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 184(3–4), 623–633, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Deblonde,~G. and Peltier,~W R.: Simulations of continental ice-sheet growth over the last glacial-interglacial cycle – Experiments with a~one-level seasonal energy-balance model including realistic geography, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 96(D5), 9189–9215, 1991. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> DeNoblet, N. I., Prentice, I. C., Joussaume, S., et al.: Possible role of atmosphere-biosphere interactions in triggering the last glaciation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23(22), 3191–3194, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Duplessy, J. C., Roche, D. M., and Kageyama, M.: The deep ocean during the last interglacial period, Science, 316(5821), 89–91, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Duplessy, J. C., Charbit, S., Kageyama, M., et al.: Insolation and sea level variations during Quaternary interglacial periods: A~review of recent results with special emphasis on the last interglaciation, Comptes Rendus Geosci., 340(11), 701–710, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Dyke,~A S. and Prest,~V K.: Late Wisconsinian and holocene retreat of the Laurentide ice-sheet, Geol. Survey Canada, Map scale 1:5 000 000, 1987. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Dyke, A. S., Andrews, J. T., Clark, P. U., et al.: The Laurentide and Innuitian ice sheets during the last glacial maximum, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 21(1–3), 9–31, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Fabre, A., Ramstein, G., Ritz, C., et al.: Coupling an AGCM with an ISM to investigate the ice sheets mass balance at the last glacial maximum, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25(4), 531–534, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> Fettweis, X., van Ypersele, J. P., Gallee, H., et al.: The 1979–2005 Greenland ice sheet melt extent from passive microwave data using an improved version of the melt retrieval XPGR algorithm, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34(5), L05502, doi:10.1029/2006GL028787, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Gallee, H., Vanypersele, J. P., Fichefet, T., et al.: Simulation of the last glacial cycle by a~coupled, sectorially averaged climate-ice sheet model. 2. Response to insolation and \chemCO_2 variations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 97(D14), 15713–15740, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text">Ganopolski, A., Rahmstorf, S., Petoukhov, V., et al.: Simulation of modern and glacial climates with a~coupled global model of intermediate complexity, Nature, 391(6665), 351–356, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> Ganopolski, A., Petoukhov, V., Rahmstorf, S., et al.: CLIMBER-2: a~climate system model of intermediate complexity. Part II: model sensitivity, Clim. Dynam., 17(10), 735–751, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> Greve,~R.: On the response of Greenland ice sheet to greenhouse climate change, Climatic Change, 46, 289–303, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> Huybrechts,~P. and de Wolde,~J.: The dynamic response of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to multiple century climatic warming, J. Clim., 12, 2169–2188, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> Jouzel, J., Stievenard, M., Johnsen, S. J., et al.: The GRIP deuterium-excess record, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 26(1–2), 1–17, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> Kageyama, M., Charbit, S., Ritz, C., et al.: Quantifying ice-sheet feedbacks during the last glacial inception. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31(24), L24203, doi:10.1029/2004GL021339, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text"> Kageyama, M., Laine, A., Abe-Ouchi, A., et al.: Last glacial maximum temperatures over the North Atlantic, Europe and western Siberia: a~comparison between PMIP models, MARGO sea-surface temperatures and pollen-based reconstructions, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 25(17–18), 2082–2102, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="39" content_type="text"> Kageyama,~M., Charbit,~S., Ritz,~C., Khodri,~M., and Ramstein,~G.: Mechanisms leading to the last glacial inception over North America: results from the CLIMBER-GREMLINS atmosphere-ocean-vegetation-Northern Hemisphere ice-sheet model, In: The Climate of Past Interglacials, edited by: Sirocko,~F. Claussen,~M., Litt,~T., and Sanchez-Goni,~M F., Developments in Quaternary Science, 7, Elsevier, 573–582, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="40" content_type="text"> Khodri, M., Leclainche, Y., Ramstein, G., et al.: Simulating the amplification of orbital forcing by ocean feedbacks in the last glaciation, Nature, 410(6828), 570–574, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="41" content_type="text"> Kleman, J., Hattestrand, C., Borgstrom, I., et al.: Fennoscandian palaeoglaciology reconstructed using a~glacial geological inversion model, J. Glaciol., 43(144), 283–299, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="42" content_type="text"> Krinner, G., Boucher, O., and Balkanski, Y.: Ice-free glacial northern Asia due to dust deposition on snow, Clim. Dynam., 27(6), 613–625, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="43" content_type="text"> Kubatzki, C., Montoya, M., Rahmstorf, S., et al.: Comparison of the last interglacial climate simulated by a~coupled global model of intermediate complexity and an AOGCM, Clim. Dynam., 16(10–11), 799–814, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="44" content_type="text"> Kubatzki, C., Claussen, M., Calov, R., et al.: Sensitivity of the last glacial inception to initial and surface conditions, Clim. Dynam., 27(4), 333–344, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="45" content_type="text"> Kukla, G. J., Bender, M. L., de Beaulieu, J. L., et al.: Last interglacial climates, Quaternary Res., 58(1), 2–13, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="46" content_type="text"> Lambeck, K., Yokoyama, Y., Johnston, P., et al.: Global ice volumes at the last glacial maximum and early lateglacial, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 181(4), 513–527, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="47" content_type="text"> Lambeck,~K. and Chappell,~J.: Sea level change through the last glacial cycle, Science, 292(5517), 679–686, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="48" content_type="text"> Lambeck, K., Yokoyama, Y., and Purcell, T.: Into and out of the last glacial maximum: sea-level change during oxygen isotope stages 3 and 2, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 21(1–3), 343–360, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="49" content_type="text"> Lambeck, K., Purcell, A., Funder, S., et al.: Constraints on the late Saalian to early middle Weichselian ice sheet of Eurasia from field data and rebound modelling, Boreas, 35(3), 539–575, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="50" content_type="text"> Mahowald, N., Kohfeld, K., Hansson, M., et al.: Dust sources and deposition during the last glacial maximum and current climate: A~comparison of model results with paleodata from ice cores and marine sediments, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104(D13), 15895–15916, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="51" content_type="text"> Mangerud, J., Astakhov, V., and Svendsen, J. I.: The extent of the Barents-Kara ice sheet during the last glacial maximum, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 21(1–3), 111–119, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="52" content_type="text"> Mangerud, J., Jakobsson, M., Alexanderson, H., et al.: Ice-dammed lakes and rerouting of the drainage of northern Eurasia during the last glaciation, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 23(11–13), 1313–1332, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="53" content_type="text"> Marshall,~S J. and Cuffey,~K M.: Peregrinations of the Greenland ice sheet divide in the last glacial cycle: implications for central Greenland ice cores, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 179(1), 73–90, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="54" content_type="text"> Marshall, S. J., Tarasov, L., Clarke, G. K. C., et al.: Glaciological reconstruction of the Laurentide ice sheet: physical processes and modelling challenges, Can. J. Earth Sci., 37, 769–793, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="55" content_type="text"> Marshall,~S J. and Clark,~P U.: Basal temperature evolution of North American ice sheets and implications for the 100-kyr cycle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(24), 2214, doi:10.1029/2002GL015192, 2002.  </reference>
		<reference numeration="56" content_type="text"> Milankovitch,~M.: Kanon der Erdbestrahlungen und seine Anwendung auf das Eiszeitenproblem, Vol. 133, Royal Serbian Academy Special Publication, Belgrade, p. 633, (New English Translation, 1998, Canon of Insolation and the Ice Age Problem. With introduction and biographical essay by Nikola Pantic. 636 p., Hardbound. Alven Global. ISBN 86–17-06619–9.), 1941. </reference>
		<reference numeration="57" content_type="text"> Milne, G. A., Mitrovica, J. X., and Schrag, D. P.: Estimating past continental ice volume from sea-level data, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 21(1–3), 361–376, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="58" content_type="text"> Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Marsha, S. J., Overpeck, J. T., et al.: Simulating arctic climate warmth and icefield retreat in the last interglaciation, Science, 311(5768), 1751–1753, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="59" content_type="text"> Peltier,~W R.: Ice-age paleotopography, Science, 265(5169), 195–201, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="60" content_type="text"> Peltier,~W R. and Marshall,~S.: Coupled energy-balance ice-sheet model simulations of the glacial cycle – a~possible connection between terminations and terrigenous dust, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 100(D7), 14269–14289, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="61" content_type="text"> Peltier,~W R.: Global glacial isostasy and the surface of the ice-age earth: The ice-5G (VM2) model and grace, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 32, 111–149, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="62" content_type="text"> Petit, J. R., Jouzel, J., Raynaud, D., et al.: Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420 000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica, Nature, 399(6735), 429–436, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="63" content_type="text"> Petoukhov, V., Ganopolski, A., Brovkin, V., et al.: CLIMBER-2: a~climate system model of intermediate complexity. Part I: model description and performance for present climate, Clim. Dynam., 16(1), 1–17, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="64" content_type="text"> Philippon, G., Ramstein, G., Charbit, S., et al.: Evolution of the Antarctic ice sheet throughout the last deglaciation: a~study with a~new coupled climate – north and south hemisphere ice sheet model, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 248(3–4), 750–758, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="65" content_type="text"> Rahmstorf,~S.: Ocean circulation and climate during the past 120 000 years, Nature, 419(6903), 207–214, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="66" content_type="text"> Reeh,~N.: Parameterization of melt rate and surface temperature in the Greenland ice sheet, Polarforschung, 59(3), 113–128, 1991 </reference>
		<reference numeration="67" content_type="text"> Ritz,~C F. and Letréguilly,~A.: Sensitivity of a~Greenland ice sheet model to ice flow and ablation parameters: consequences for the evolution through the last climatic cycle, Clim. Dynam., 13, 11–24, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="68" content_type="text"> Ritz, C., Rommelaere, V., and Dumas, C.: Modeling the evolution of Antarctic ice sheet over the last 420 000 years: Implications for altitude changes in the Vostok region, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106(D23), 31943–31964, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="69" content_type="text"> Roe,~G H. and Lindzen,~R S.: The mutual interaction between continental-scale ice sheets and atmospheric stationary waves, J. Clim., 14(7), 1450–1465, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="70" content_type="text"> Shackleton,~N J.: The 100 000-year ice-age cycle identified and found to lag temperature, carbon dioxide, and orbital eccentricity, Science, 289(5486), 1897–1902, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="71" content_type="text"> Siddall, M., Rohling, E. J., Almogi-Labin, A., et al.: Sea-level fluctuations during the last glacial cycle, Nature, 423(6942), 853–858, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="72" content_type="text"> Siegert,~M J. and Dowdeswell,~J A.: Numerical reconstructions of the Eurasian ice sheet and climate during the Late Weichselian, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 23(11–13), 1273–1283, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="73" content_type="text"> Stocker,~T F.: Past and future reorganizations in the climate system, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 19(1–5), 301–319, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="74" content_type="text"> Svendsen, J. I., Alexanderson, H., Astakhov, V. I., et al.: Late quaternary ice sheet history of northern Eurasia, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 23(11–13), 1229–1271, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="75" content_type="text"> Tarasov,~L. and Peltier,~W R.: Terminating the 100 \unitkyr ice age cycle, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 102(D18), 21665–21693, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="76" content_type="text"> Tarasov,~L. and Peltier,~W R.: Impact of thermomechanical ice sheet coupling on a~model of the 100 kyr ice age cycle, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104(D8), 9517–9545, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="77" content_type="text"> Tarasov,~L. and Peltier,~W R.: Greeland glacial history and local geodynamic consequences, Geophys. J. Int., 150, 198–229, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="78" content_type="text"> Tarasov,~L. and Peltier,~W R.: A~geophysically constrained large ensemble analysis of the deglacial history of the North American ice-sheet complex, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 23(3–4), 359–388, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="79" content_type="text"> Tarasov,~L. and Peltier,~W R.: A~calibrated deglacial drainage chronology for the North American continent: evidence of an Arctic trigger for the Younger Dryas, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 25(7–8), 659–688, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="80" content_type="text"> Verbitsky,~M Y. and Oglesby,~R J.: The effect of atmospheric carbon-dioxide concentration on continental-glaciation of the Northern Hemisphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 97(D5), 5895–5909, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="81" content_type="text"> Waelbroeck, C., Labeyrie, L., Michel, E., et al.: Sea-level and deep water temperature changes derived from benthic foraminifera isotopic records, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 21(1–3), 295–305, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="82" content_type="text"> Warren,~S G. and Wiscombe,~W J.: A~model for the spectral Albedo of snow. 2. Snow containing atmospheric aerosols, J. Atmos. Sci., 37(12), 2734–2745, 1980. </reference>
		<reference numeration="83" content_type="text"> Wyputta,~U. and McAvaney,~B J.: Influence of vegetation changes during the Last Glacial Maximum using the BMRC atmospheric general circulation model, Clim. Dynam., 17(12), 923–932, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="84" content_type="text"> Yamagishi, T., Abe-Ouchi, A., Saito, F., et al.: Re-evaluation of paleo-accumulation parameterization over Northern Hemisphere ice sheets during the ice age examined with a~high-resolution AGCM and a~3-D ice-sheet model, Ann. Glaciol., 42, 433–440, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="85" content_type="text"> Yokoyama, Y., De Deckker, P., Lambeck, K., et al.: Sea-level at the last glacial maximum: evidence from northwestern Australia to constrain ice volumes for oxygen isotope stage 2, Palaeogeo. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 165(3–4), 281–297, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="86" content_type="text"> Zweck,~C. and Huybrechts,~P.: Modeling of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets during the last glacial cycle and glaciological sensitivity, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110(D7), D07103, doi:10.1029/2004JD005489, 2005. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

