Climate of the Past Discussions www.clim-past-discuss.net 1814-9340 1814-9359 4 2 2008 10.5194/cpd-4-415-2008 http://www.clim-past-discuss.net/4/415/2008/ http://www.clim-past-discuss.net/4/415/2008/cpd-4-415-2008.html http://www.clim-past-discuss.net/4/415/2008/cpd-4-415-2008.pdf 415 432 2008-04-03 Borehole paleoclimatology – the effect of deep lakes and "heat islands" on temperature profiles V. T. Balobaev I. M. Kutasov L. V. Eppelbaum levap@post.tau.ac.il Permafrost Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk 677018, Russia Pajarito Enterprises, 640 Alta Vista, Suite 124, Santa Fe, NM 87505, USA Dept. of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel It is known that changes in ground surface temperatures could be caused by many non-climatic effects. In this study we propose a method based on utilization of Laplace equation with nonuniform boundary conditions. The proposed method makes possible to estimate the maximum effect of deep lakes and "heat islands" (areas of deforestation, urbanization, farming, mining and wetland drainage) on the borehole temperature profiles. Abramowitz, M. and Stegun I.: Handbook of Mathematical Functions, Dover Publications Inc., New York, 1965. Balobayev, V. T. and Shastkevich, Y. G.: The estimation of the talik zones configuration and the steady temperature field of rocks beneath the lakes of arbitrary contour, In: Lakes of the Siberia Cryolithozone, Novosibirsk, Nauka, 116–127, 1974 in Russian. Beltrami, H., Jessop, A. M., and Mareschal, J.-C.: Ground temperature histories in eastern and central Canada from geothermal measurements: Evidence of climate change, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 98, 167–183, 1992. Blackwell, D. D., Steele J. L., and Brott, C.A.: The terrain effect on terrestrial heat flow, J. Geophys. Res., 85(B9), 4757–4772,1980. Bodri, L. and Cermak, V.: Climate change of the last millennium from borehole temperatures: results from the Czech Republic – Part I, Global Planet. Change, 11, 111–125, 1995. Bodri, L. and Cermak, V.: Climate change of the last two millennia inferred from borehole temperatures: results from the Czech Republic – Part II, Global Planet. Change, 14, 163–173, 1997. Bodri, L. and Cermak, V.: Borehole temperatures, climate change and the pre-observational surface air temperature mean: Allowance for hydraulic conditions, Global Planet. Change, 45, 265–276, 2005. Carslaw, H. S. and Jaeger, J. C.: Conduction of Heat in Solids, Oxford University Press, New York, 1959. Cermak, V.: Underground temperature and inferred climatic temperature of the past millennium, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 10, 1–19, 1971. Cermak, V. and Bodri, L.: Climate reconstruction from subsurface temperatures demonstrated on example of Cuba, Phys. Earth Planet. In., 126, 295–310, 2001. Chouinard, C. and Mareschal, J.-C.: Selection of borehole temperature depth profiles for regional climate reconstructions, Clim. Past, 3, 297–313, 2007. Covington, W. W.: Changes in the forest floor organic matter and nutrient content following clear cutting in northern hardwoods, Ecology, 62, 41–48, 1981. Eppelbaum, L. V., Kutasov, I. M., and Barak, G.: Ground surface temperatures histories inferred from 15 boreholes temperature profiles: comparison of two approaches, Earth Sci. Res. J., 10(1), 25–34, 2006. Gruber, S., King, L., Kohl, T., Herz, T., Haeberli, W., and Hoelzle, M.: Interpretation of geothermal profiles perturbed by topography: the Alpine permafrost boreholes at Stockohorn plateau, Switzerland, Permafrost Periglac., 15, 349–357, 2004. Gosselin, C. and Mareschal, J-C.: Variations in ground surface temperature histories in the Thompson Belt, Manitoba, Canada: environment and climate changes, Global Planet. Change, 39, 271–284, 2003. Guillou-Frottier, L., Mareschal, J-C., and Musset, J.: Ground surface temperature history in central Canada inferred from 10 selected borehole temperature profiles, J. Geophys. Res., 103(B4), 7385–7397, 1998. Hamza, V. M., Cavalcanti, A. S. B., and Benyosef, L. C. C.: Surface thermal perturbations of the recent past at low latitudes – inferences based on borehole temperature data from Eastern Brazil, Clim. Past, 3, 513–526, 2007. Harris, R. N. and Chapman, S. D.: Climate change on the Colorado Plateau of eastern Utah inferred from borehole temperatures, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 6367–6381, 1995. Huang S., Shen, P. Y., and Pollack, H. N.: Deriving century – long trends of surface temperature change from borehole temperatures, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 257–260, 1996. Huang, S., Pollack, H. N., and Shen, P. Y.: Temperature trends over past five centuries reconstructed from borehole temperatures, Nature, 403, Feb. 17, 756–758, 2000. Huang, S. and Pollack, H. N.: Global Borehole Temperature Database for Climate Reconstruction, IGBP PAGES/World Data Center-A for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series #1998-044. NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA, also available at: http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~climate), 1998. Huang, S., Shen, P.Y., and Pollack, H. N.: Deriving century – long trends of surface temperature change from borehole temperatures, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 257–260, 1996. Kappelmeyer, O. and Haenel, R.: Geothermic with Special Reference to Application, Gebruder Borntrager, Berlin, 1974. Kohl, T.: Transient thermal effects below complex topographies, Tectonophysics, 306(3–4), 311–324, 1999. Kukkonen, I. T., Cermak, V., and Safanda, J.: Subsurface temperature–depth profiles, anomalies due to climatic ground surface temperature changes or groundwater flow effects, Global Planet. Change, 9, 221–232, 1994. Lachenbruch, A. H.: Rapid Estimation of the Topographic Disturbance to Superficial Thermal Gradients, Rev. Geophys., 6, 365–400, 1965. Lachenbruch, A. H. and Marshall, B. V.: Changing climate: Geothermal evidence from permafrost in the Alaskan Arctic, Science, 234, 689–696, 1986. Lewis, T. J. and Wang, K.: Influence of terrain on bedrock temperatures, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 98, 87–100, 1992. Lewis, T. J. and Wang, K.: Geothermal evidence for deforestation induced warming: implications for the climatic impact of land development, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 535–538, 1998. Majorowicz, J. A. and Skinner, W. P.: Potential causes of differences between ground and surface air temperature warming across different ecozones in Alberta, Canada, Global Planet. Change, 15, 79–91, 1997. Majorowicz, J. and Safanda, J.: Measured versus simulated transients of temperature logs – a test of borehole climatology, J. Geophys. Eng., 2, 291–298, 2005. Mareschal, J.-C. and Beltrami, H.: Evidence for recent warming from perturbed geothermal gradients: examples from Eastern Canada, Clim. Dynam., 6(3-4), 135–143, 1992. Mottaghy, D., Schellschmidt, R., Popov, Y. A., Clauser, C., Kukkonen, I. T., Nover, G., Milanovsky, S., and Romushkevich, R. A.: New heat flow data from immediate vicinity of the Kola super-deep borehole: Vertical variation in heat flow confirmed and attributed to advection, Tectonophysics, 401, 119–142, 2005, Nitoiu, D. and Beltrami, H.: Subsurface thermal effects of land use changes, J. Geophys. Res., 110, F01005, doi:10.1029/2004JF000151, 2005. Pollack, H. N. and Huang, S.: Climate reconstruction from subsurface temperatures, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 28, 339–65, 2000. Powell, W. G., Chapman, D. S., Balling, N., and Beck, A. E.: Continental Heat-Flow Density, in: Handbook of Terrestrial Heat-Flow Density Determination, edited by: Haenel, R., Rybach, L., and Stegena, L., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 167–222, 1988. Safanda J.: Effects of topography and climatic changes on the temperature in borehole GFU-1, Prague, Tectonophysics, 239, 187–197, 1994. Safanda J.: Ground surface temperature as a function of slope angle and slope orientation and its effect on the subsurface temperature field, Tectonophysics, 306(3–4), 367–376, 1999. Safandra, J., Rajver, D., Correia, A., and Dedecek, P.: Repeated temperature logs from Czech, Slovenian and Portuguese borehole climate observatories, Clim. Past, 3, 453–462, 2007. Shen, P. Y. and Beck, A. E.: Paleoclimate change and heat flow density inferred from temperature data in the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 98, 143–165, 1992. Shen, P.Y., Wang, K., Beltrami, H., and Mareschal, J.-C.: A comparative study of inverse methods for estimating climatic history from borehole temperature data, Global Planet. Change, 98, 113–127, 1992. Shen, P. Y., Pollack, H. N., Huang, S., and Wang, K.: Effects of subsurface heterogeneity on the inference of climate change from borehole temperature data: model studies and field examples from Canada, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 6383–6396, 1995. Taniguchi, M.: Anthropogenic effects on subsurface temperature in Bangkok, Clim. Past Discuss., 2, 832–846, 2006. Wang, K.: Estimation of ground surface temperatures from borehole temperature data, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 2095–2106, 1992. Waterloo Maple: Maple 7 Learning Guide, Waterloo Maple Inc., Waterloo, Canada, 2001.